PERAN AGEN PERUBAHAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL YANG BERKELANJUTAN
Abstract
This article discusses the importance of social capital as a key indicator of people's ability to engage in sustainable development, because social capital can have a deterring and facilitating effect. Change agents are expected to enable individuals or groups to increase access to other forms of critical capital to overcome obstacles and solve problems. Bonded social capital consists of strong network ties as negative in excess of numbers because it can lead to the enforcement of social norms that inhibit innovative change, and connecting social capital consisting of weak network ties as a benefit that allows actors to make social changes that are critical. Society achieves change through a dynamic mix of bonding and connecting bonds.
References
Bandura, A. (2000) Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy, Current Directions in Psycho-logical Science, 9(3), pp. 75 – 78.
Bhaskar, R. (1994) Plato, Etc. The Problems of Philosophy and Their Resolution (New York, Verso).
Borgatti, S. & Foster, P. (2003) The network paradigm in organisational research: a review and typology, Journal of Management, 29(6), pp. 991– 1013.
Bourdieu, P. (1986) The Forms of Capital, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York, Greenwood Press).
Brundtland, G. (1987) Our Common Future: World Commission on Environment and Development (New York, Oxford University Press).
Burt, R. (1992) Structural Holes: the social structure of competition (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).
Connor, R. (2004) Single industry towns and mine closure: what really matters. Thesis, Royal Roads University, Canada.
Dale, A. (2001) At the Edge. Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century (Vancouver, UBC Press).
Dale, A. (2004) Keynote speech to the New Zealand/Australian International Third Sector Conference. Brisbane, November 27.
Dale, A. (2005) Social capital and sustainable community development: is there a relationship?, in: A. Dale & J. A. Onyx (Eds), Dynamic Balance: social capital and sustainable community development (Vancouver, UBC Press).
Dale, A. & Onyx, J. (2005) A Dynamic Balance. Social Capital and Sustainable Community Development (Vancouver, UBC Press).
Dietz, T. & Burns, T. (1992) Human agency and the evolutionary dynamics of culture, Acta Sociologica, 35, pp. 187– 200.
Fine, B. (1999) The development state is dead: long live social capital?, Development and Change, 30, pp. 1 – 19.
Fukuyama, F. (1999) The Great Disruption: human nature and the reconstitution of social order (New York, Free Press).
Gargiulo, M. & Benassi, M. (2000) Trapped in your own net? Network cohesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital, Organization Science, 11(2), pp. 183 – 196.
Granovetter, M. (1973) The strength of weak ties, The American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), pp. 1360–1380.
Harvey, D. (2002) Agency and community: a critical realist paradigm, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 32(2), pp. 163–194.
Horvath, P. (1998) Agency and social adaptation, Applied Behavioral Science Review, 6(2), pp. 137–154.
Krishna, A. (2001) Moving from the stock of social capital to the flow of benefits: the role of agency, World Development, 29(6), pp. 925–943.
Leonard, R. & Onyx, J. (2004) Social Capital and Community Building: spinning straw into gold (London, Janus Publishing Company).
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. & Cook, J. (2001) Birds of a Feather: homophily in social networks, Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp. 415–444.
Musolf, G. (2003) Social structure, human agency, and social policy, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(6/7), pp. 1– 12.
Narayan, D. (1999) Bonds and Bridges: social capital and poverty (Washington, DC, World Bank). Onyx, J. & Bullen, P. (2000) Measuring social capital in five communities, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 36(1), pp. 23–42.
Portes, A. (1998) Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology, Annual Review of Sociology, 24, pp. 1–24.
Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community (New York, Simon & Schuster).
Robinson, J. B. & Tinker, J. (1997) Reconciling ecological, economic and social imperatives: a new conceptual framework, in: T. Schrecker (Ed.) Surviving Globalism: social and environmental dimensions (London, Macmillan).
Ruef, M. (2002) Strong ties, weak ties and islands: structural and cultural preictors of organisational innovation, Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), pp. 427–449.
Rydin, Y. & Holman, N. (2004) Re-evaluating the contribution of social capital in achieving sustainable development, Local Environment, 9(2), pp. 117–133.
Sibeon, R. (1999) Agency, structure and social chance as cross-disciplinary concepts, Politics, 19(3), pp. 117 – 133.
Volker, B. & Flap, H. (2001) Weak ties as a liability: the case of East Germany, Rationality and Society, 13(4), pp. 397– 428.
Wilson, P. (1997). Building Social Capital: a learning agenda for the twenty first century, Urban Studies, 34(5/6), pp. 745 – 760.
Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes, Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1), pp. 11 – 17.





.png)
.png)

1.png)